A B S T R A C T The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected the information required for this research. The statistical population of the research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size according to the Cochran formula was 364. The study results of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among the investigated complexes, Rahan Residential complex had the lowest connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes, and the highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among the other results of this research, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient among the investigated components. In the first place, the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, the multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in the third place, the security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in the fourth place and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and Residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The Residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each Residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of Residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of Residential complexes based on the   theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of Residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra Residential complex, Azadi Residential complex, Rezvan Residential complex, Rahan Residential complex, Hasht Behesht Residential complex and Zeytoun Residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan Residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of Residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan Residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In the public space of neighborhoods and Residential environments, the issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost the social life of citizens by strengthening social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. The Residential environment conveys the residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each Residential complex, according to the different arrangements of the blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of the public space in it, which, according to the way they are arranged, have different potentials from the point of view of sociability in them. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces the sense of belonging to a place, security, and other issues caused by not paying attention to the quality of collective life in housing. The main question is: - What are the components of the spatial structure affecting the sociability of Residential complexes in the city of Kermanshah?   Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun Residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and the sample size was estimated to be 364 people using the Cochran formula. Factors such as the ease of access to the complexes, the willingness and cooperation of the residents and the management of the complexes were also influential in selecting the samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate the sociability of Residential complexes based on the theoretical framework prepared in the present research, the physical indicators affecting this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of The studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including the playground, gathering space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In this research, the relation of sociability of public spaces of Residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra Residential complex, Azadi Residential complex, Rezvan Residential complex, Rahan Residential complex, Hasht Behesht Residential complex and Zeytoun Residential complex as the basis of the research case. Among the samples studied, Rahan Residential complex has the lowest connectivity index compared to other complexes; the largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of the spaces and accesses in the Rahan complex is very weak and lower than the rest of the complexes. According to the numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at the same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have the best performance in this aspect; the placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability. Among the investigated sociability components, the spatial order component with the path coefficient value of 0.368 has the highest path coefficient. In the first place the playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in the second place, and the multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In the third place, the security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in the fourth place, and the environmental comfort component is in the fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in the common spaces of Residential complexes allows one to be with others comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near the door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of the window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the condition of the studied Residential complexes from the perspective of sociability. The results showed that Rahan Residential complex had the lowest level of connectivity index compared to the rest of the complexes and the largest share of this. The comparison reaches Kasra Residential complex. In the meantime, Zeytoun Residential complex, then Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have the lowest to the highest amount. It can be seen that the public spaces of Rahan Residential complex do not have the desired level of connectivity. As the communication increases, the spaces will become more sociable. From the comparison of the complexes based on the interconnection index, we conclude that the location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to the rest of the complexes, the location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that the increase of connection in public spaces occurs with the increase of sociability.

In this study, optimal energy management is addressed in the Residential building. The Residential building is equipped with renewable energies including wind turbines (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. Stochastic programming is used to model the uncertainty of renewable energy resources. To manage these uncertainties and reduce the total daily cost of energy, the load control program is adopted. In this respect, five different types of loads are modeled in the building, including interruptible, uninterruptible, constant-energy, constant-power and movable loads. The above charges are properly adjusted and shipped to minimize energy costs and address the uncertainties of renewable energy by hybrid sine cosine shuffled frog leaping algorithm. The Residential building is considered as later active in the network, which transfers energy from network to the building and vice versa. The simulation results show that the proposed model can efficiently harness all the energy possible from WT-PV systems, manage uncertainties, minimize total daily costs and operate as an island. All of these objectives are achieved by optimal load distribution and control within the proposed load control program.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of Residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the Residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of Residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, Residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all Residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, Residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of Residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of Residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the Residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of Residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in Residential complexes, can provide the stability of the Residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the Residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

This paper deals with the concept of "Residential models" and the role it plays on human relations in Residential complexes. It intends to, review the concept of residence, understand how a Residential model takes form, the influence of a Residential model on future human interactions. To this end, having reviewed comments and viewpoints, focused on "what is residence? which factors may create the sense of residence and how an individual can choose his/her place of residence? Finally what are the factors affecting their choice". Then two Residential models analyzed: balanced and unbalanced, and their effects on human relations. Afterwards the research hypothesis was posed: "Residential model is an effective factor on human relations". Whereas the above study is limited to a small number of complexes in Tehran, for the purpose of testing the hypothesis and, in turn, for determining sample population, the Residential complexes were classified into three categories in terms of facilities, features and characteristics. From each category a sample was chosen for testing the hypothesis. It was eventually decided to test the hypothesis in Ekbatan, Behjatabad and Farhangian Residential complexes. The results indicated a strong relationship between Residential model and its impact on human relations: more balanced the Residential model, stronger effects on human relations. On the other hand, more unbalanced the Residential model, weaker effect on human relations.

Background and Objectives: Over the last three decades environmental pollutions became a more noticeable problem in all around of the world. In many countries, noise pollution as a basic problem has a great importance. Development of the city, increasing of industrial centers, increasing vehicles, other annoying noise resources and also little information about the noise pollution of Tabriz city, has led to the doing of this research.Materials and Methods: Sampling and measuring of noise pressure levels was done 180 times According to the EPA standards, measuring was done simultaneously in two stations(commercial-Residential areas), three times a day (morning 7:30 -9:30 am, midday 12:30-14:30 pm and night 19:00-21:00 pm) and 30 days in month. Results: Sound pressure level in both stations was higher than the standards and the highest average level with 71.4 db was recorded in Raste-koche station at midday. Also lowest calculated average value with 68.5 db was measured in Golbad station at the morning time that is 8.5 db higher than the standards. Conclusion: Average measured sound pressure level in two stations was higher than the standards. The results show that Tabriz has a noise pollution in commercial and Residential - commercial areas. It is suggested that other noise pollution resources identified and the proper management actions for its reduction be done.

In this article, Residential segregation in the city of Tehran has been investigated. The segregation of different social groups has been investigated through scientific methods and proper indexation. In recent years, this segregation has been looked at from two perspectives, on group believes in increasing differentiation, and the other emphasizes the polarization, duality or zonality of the social spatial of the cities. In this article, in lieu of the important consequences of Residential segregation in cities, the assumption of the spatial separation of different socio-economic groups has been tested using different statistical indications. The result confirm the separation of different social status and its dimension have been proven according to the regions.

Due to the increase of the elderly in the world and in Iran, attention to this group and providing them with the appropriate environmental conditions in order to maintain their satisfaction have further increased. One of the influential factors in enhancing the quality of outdoor space quality is the nature and its elements that can now be studied using modern approaches, such as biophilic approach. The present research has been conducted with the purpose of evaluating the relationship between the biophilic outdoor elements of Residential complexes and the elderly’s Residential satisfaction and also taking into account the effect of individual factors (moderating variables) in this relationship. The current research was a quantitative study which was conducted in the form of a survey using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient test and SPSS 24 software were used to analyze the data. The statistical population is the elderly living in the Residential complexes of Shiraz city. The sampling was done from among 174 people who were over 60 years old (101 males and 73 females). Comparing the results of the tests revealed that individual factors (moderating variables) affect the research variables and this influence can be effective in significance and the correlation degree of the relationships. Of the 72 relationships in the total results of the three study complexes, 67 correlations have a medium correlation coefficient and five correlations have a low correlation coefficient. The highest correlation coefficient is related to spatial orientation with the effect of individual factor, marital status(0.656); and with the adjusted coefficient of determination (0.472).The results related to Biopfilic sub-elements revealed thirty-eight significant relationships and six insignificant relationships (out of forty-four relationships), and the sense of belonging element (0.549) having the highest correlation. The research findings can be effective in reinforcing the Biophilic elements of outdoor space in Residential complexes for the Residential satisfaction of the elderly.